European Union
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This technology makes it feasible to have connected homes. Archived from on 2 January 2011. The European Union was formally established when the —whose main architects were and —came into force on 1 November 1993.
A was held in 2016, with 51. The next step will be the identification of campaigns.
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It has an area of 4,475,757 km 2 1,728,099 sq mi and an estimated population of about 513 million. For travel within thehave been abolished. The original members of what came to be known as the were the :, theand. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has or its antecedent organisations, the after a in June 2016 and is on 29 March 2019. The union maintains permanent throughout the world and at the n eu, thethe and the. Because of its global influence, n eu European Union has been described as an. During n eu centuries following the in 476, several European States viewed themselves as of the defunct : the 481—843 and the 962—1806 were thereby attempts to resurrect. Medieval and the political power of n eu are often cited as conducive to European integration and unity. In the oriental parts of the continent, theand ultimately the 1547—1917declared Moscow to be and inheritor of the after the in 1453. The gap between had already been widened by the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the ; and would be eventually widened again by the 1945—91. Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the and after the demise of 1804—15. In the decades following the outcomes of theideals of European unity flourished across the continent, especially in the writings ofor. The term : États-Unis d'Europe was used at that time by during a speech at the held in Paris in 1849: met in 1814—15. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from thetheand the dissolution of the. A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood. A day will come when we shall see. His ideas influenced his contemporaries, among which then. In 1929, the latter gave a speech in favour of a European Union before the assembly of theprecursor of the. Preliminary 1945—57 the on 1950 Afterwas seen as n eu antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent. In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at theSwitzerland, went further and advocated the emergence of a. The 1948 was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to the creation of the and of thewhere Europe's future leaders would live and study together. It also led directly to the founding of the in 1949, the first great effort to bring the nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. However, the Council focused primarily on values—human rights and democracy—rather than on economic or trade issues, and was always envisaged as a forum where sovereign governments could choose to work together, with no supra-national authority. It raised great hopes of further European integration, and there were fevered debates in the two years that followed as to how this could be achieved. Visionary men such as from Italy, and from France, and from Belgium understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for waging war, and that by tying their national industries together, future war between their nations was made impossible. These men and others are officially credited as the. They also signed another pact creating the Euratom for co-operation in developing. Both treaties came into force in 1958. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the. In 1989, the fell, enabling the Community to further pictured In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include includingwhich later in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights, and the. Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a. In 1979, the to the European Parliament were held. In 1985, the paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some n eu states. In 1990, afterthe former became part of the Communities as part of a. A close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling. Maastricht Treaty 1992—2007 The was introduced in 2002, replacing 12 national currencies. Seven countries have since joined. The European Union was formally established when the —whose main architects were and —came into force on 1 November 1993. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of n eu member states. Since then, the has increased to encompass 19 countries. The euro currency became the second largest reserve currency in the world. The same year, adopted the euro, followed in 2008 by andby in 2009, by in 2011, by in 2014, and by in 2015. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the system into a single legal entity provisioned with acreated a permanentthe first of which wasand strengthened the position of the. From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues, including, and the. A was held in 2016, with 51. Its rate was positive at an estimated 0. Also, there are several other metropolises with a population of over 5 million like, and includes polycentric urbanised regions like, et al. Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the provides translation for documents and plenary sessions. Due to the high number of official idioms, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. The European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural languages : English, French, and German. Similarly, the uses French as the working language, while the conducts its business primarily in English. The three official alphabets of the European Union, andall derive from the. Besides the 24 official languages, there are about 150 andspoken by up to 50 million people. The is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe. Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the included proposals to mention oror both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism both andnumerous denominations, and forming the bulk of this categoryand the. According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 byis the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 71. Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent n eu. The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia 16% and the Czech Republic 19%. The most religious countries were Malta 95%, predominantly Roman Catholic as well as Cyprus and Romania both predominantly Orthodox each with about 90% of citizens professing a belief in God. Member states Main article: Through successivethe European Union has grown from the Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands to the current 28. To become a member, a country must meet thedefined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. No member state has yet left the Union, although an of Denmark withdrew in 1985. There are six countries that are recognised as :,andthough Iceland suspended negotiations in 2013. The relationships of the, and include n eu use of the euro and other areas of co-operation. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate North-Western Europe and Central Europea Southern Europeor a warm summer continental or climate Northern and Central Europe. Generally speaking, they can be classified into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures regulations and those which specifically require national implementation measures directives. The European Union has seven principal decision making bodies, its : thethethe n eu, thethethe and the. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council not to be n eu with the aforementioned Council of the European Union. The of the is determined by the European Central Bank. The conclusions of its summits held at least quarterly are adopted by consensus. This College of Commissioners manages and directs the Commission's permanent civil service. It turns the consensus objectives of the European Council into. Its powers are limited in areas where member states' view sovereignty to be of primary concern i. It elects the Commission's President, must approve the College of Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office. As well as providing oversight and advice, it can refer unresolved issues to the European Court of Justice to arbitrate on any alleged irregularities. Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system. The European Parliament and the Council of n eu European Union pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas under the. This also applies to the. The European Commission is accountable to Parliament, requiring its approval to take office, having to report n eu to it and subject to motions of censure from it. The currently carries out the role of speaker in Parliament and represents it externally. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the currentlythe and one representative per either its or. The currently also takes part in its meetings. The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It consists of a from each member state and meets in. Notwithstanding its different configurations, it is considered to be one single body. In addition to its legislative functions, the Council also exercises in relations to the. The Commission is also seen as the motor of. One of the 28 is the currently appointed by the. After the President, the most prominent Commissioner is thewho is ex-officio a and is also chosen by the European Council. The n eu 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the in agreement with the nominated President. The 28 Commissioners as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the. In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0. The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the Commission's handling of the budget. The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission n eu more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union expenditure, and thewere materially affected by error. These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence n eu not necessarily indicative of what is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence, and even with the same policy area. These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants. Under the principle ofnational courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and within limits even constitutional provisions. Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law. Further andthe of are created by Council of Europe. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures, and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions. Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. When the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have in national law against member states. Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used inor on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such asfamily law, asylum law, and criminal justice. Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties. In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation. The Union has also established agencies to co-ordinate police, prosecutorial and immigrations controls across the member states: for co-operation of police forces, for co-operation between prosecutors, and for co-operation between border control authorities. This co-operation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the and the associated cross border crime. Foreign relations Suspended Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the. Steps for a more wide-ranging co-ordination in foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment of which created an informal consultation process between member states with the aim of forming common foreign policies. It was not, however, until 1987 when European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the. The predecessors of the N eu Union were not devised as a military alliance because was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. Both are officially recognised holding on the. The Bulgarian fleet in. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration, and terrorist infiltration. In 2015 the European Commission presented its proposal for a new European Border and Coast Guard Agency having a stronger role and mandate along with national authorities for border management. Humanitarian aid is financed directly by the budget 70% as part of the financial instruments for external action and also by the 30%. These countries, primarily developing countries, include some who seek to one day become either aor more closely integrated with the European Union. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels and the target country. Economy The five largest economies in the world according to the by in 2018 The European Union has established a across the territory of all its members representing 512 million citizens. The euro is the second largest as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the. Such regions are primarily located in the states of and southern Europe. The single market involvesand the customs union involves the application of a on all goods entering the n eu. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes oras they travel internally. Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. Until the drive towards the development of the capital provisions had been slow. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. The free movement of persons means that can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states. The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services. According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. Monetary union The dark blue represents 340 million people. The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world. The creation of a became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the if they wanted to join the. The states wanting to participate had first to join the. In 1999 the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with joining. In 2002, the currency was fully put into place, when and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. To complement this framework, there is also a under the responsibility of the. To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level. Energy 1% In 2006, the had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent toe. Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007. In 2010 the estimated network covers: 75,200 kilometres 46,700 mi of roads; 78,000 kilometres 48,000 mi of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours. The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. The was upgraded such as the. The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for farmers, stabilising markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers. It was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then 's annual budget, and as of 2013 n eu for around 34%. The policy's and market interventions led to considerable. These were of products bought up by n eu Community to maintain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores, they were often sold on the world market at prices considerably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers were offered subsidies amounting to the difference between the Community and world prices to export their products outside the Community. This system has been criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, especially those in the. Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on n eu size. This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels. The Commission as the competition regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust issues, approvingbreaking up cartels, working for and preventing. To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. These included the and the. Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards, and biotechnology. According to theenvironmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics. In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions. The is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in n eu areas to create. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been thea university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees n euand for adult learners in the. The 's seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products. A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients. The programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the of that city. Sport Football is one of the most popular sports in the European Union. The other sports with the most participants in clubs are tennis, swimming, athletics, golf, gymnastics, equestrian sports, handball, volleyball and sailing. The requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity. This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the anddue to objections over the application of free market principles to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs. Symbols with the German embossed on the metal and the French embroidered on the fabric. The flag used is thewhich consists of a 12 golden stars on a blue background. The blue represents the West, while the number and position of the stars represent completeness and unity, respectively. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by thethe predecessors of the present Union, in 1986. Since 1985, the of the Union has beenon 9 May the date of the 1950. The is an instrumental version of the prelude to thethe 4th movement of 's. n eu The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions. Besides naming the continent, the figure of has frequently been employed as a of Europe. Known from the myth in which n eu her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation n eu the present Union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the Union's institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. The Commission has named in Brussels after Charlemagne and the city of has since 1949 awarded the to champions of European unification. Since 2008, the organisers of this prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have awarded the in recognition n eu similar efforts by young people. The vast majority of media in the European Union are national-oriented. The of the European Union intends to support the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond. However, only three of them — English, French and German — have the higher status of procedural languages and are used in the day-to-day workings of the European institutions. Basque is not an official language of the European Union but has a semi-official status. See: N eu and de Búrca, ch. See Craig and de Búrca, ch. See also: : Factortame Ltd. Secretary of State for Transport No. See Craig and de Búrca, p. Archived from on 3 May 2011. Those shall have the same legal value. Archived from on 1 October 2007. Archived from on 16 January 2009. The Council of the European Union. Archived from on 22 August 2011. Beckwith 2009Empires of the Silk Road, Oxford University Press, p. Revue des Sciences Religieuses in French. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Social Sciences. 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Retrieved 3 November 2018 — via www. Einfuhr und Vorratstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel; Article 6 2 of the Maastricht Treaty as amended. European Union External Action Service. Archived from on 2 January 2011. Archived from on 8 July 2007. Journal of European Public Policy, Special Issue: Reforming the European Commission. Financial Times on Centre for European Reform. Archived from on 9 June 2007. Biennial Conference of the European Union Studies Association. Archived from on 28 March 2010. Together, Britain and France account for 45 per cent of Europe's defence budget, 50 per cent of its military capacity and 70 per cent of all spending in military research and development. Archived from on 2 December 2011. Archived from on 29 April 2011. Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection. Archived from on 18 July 2013. Retrieved on December 9, 2018. Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century. Archived from on 28 August 2008. Archived from on 1 October 2007. Archived from on 29 May 2010. Archived from on 21 June 2007. Archived from on 18 May 2007. Archived from on 13 June 2007. Archived from on 10 June 2007. Gross inland consumption is defined as primary production plus imports, recovered products and stock change, less exports and fuel supply to maritime bunkers for seagoing ships of all flags. A tonne of oil equivalent toe is a standardised unit defined on the basis of one tonne of n eu having a net calorific value of 41. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. n eu Nuclear energy and renewable energy are treated differently from oil, gas, and coal in this respect. Archived from on 23 April 2007. Europa: Gateway to the European Union. Archived from on 29 November 2011. Archived from on 4 December 2008. Archived from on 3 July 2007. Archived from on 12 November 2010. Archived from on 11 November 2010. Archived from on 28 July 2013. Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union. Archived from on 2 February 2008. Archived from on 11 June 2007. Archived from on 3 N eu 2010. Archived from on 1 December 2008. Archived from on 17 January 2012. Archived from on 24 January 2016. Archived from on 21 June 2013. The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy. International Relations: A Very Short Introduction 1st ed. The Contemporary Crisis of n eu European Union: Prospects for the Future. The European Union: How Does it Work. New European Union 3rd ed. The European Parliament 8th ed. The Foreign Policy n eu the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World 2nd ed. The European Union — A Global Actor?. Leverkusen, Germany: Barbara Budrich Publishers. Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics 3rd ed. Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union New Studies in European History. Reconfiguring European States in Crisis. The European Union: Politics and Policies 5th ed. The European Union: A Very Short Introduction 3rd ed. n eu The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream. International Trade and Globalisation 3rd ed. The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first N eu Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand 1st ed. The Emerging European Union 5th ed. Awards and achievements Preceded by Laureate of the 2012 Succeeded by.
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Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the if they wanted to join the. Retrieved 3 November 2018 — via www. Security Council Mar 3, 2008 European Union Mar 11, 2008 Referencing Document Authoring Agency Date European Union Apr 26, 2007 Referencing Document Authoring Agency Date U. Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century. The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy. Security Council Mar 3, 2008 European Union Mar 11, 2008 Referencing Document Authoring Agency Date European Union Dec 1, 2011 Referencing Document Authoring Agency Date European Union Jul 26, 2010 Referencing Document Authoring Agency Date U.
